Agriculture Industry Linkages in the Economy of Jammu and Kashmir Essay

Agriculture plays an important role in contributing to socio-economic development in many countries. It is the primary source for employment, livelihood, and food security for the majority of rural people. The success of this continuation depends largely on the direct impact it has on the national economy as well as how the agricultural sector stimulates the growth of other sectors in the economy. Consequently, understanding the role of agriculture and its linkages to the rest of the economy is important. The inter-relationship between agriculture and industry has been a long debated issue in the development literature. In the Indian context the issue has acquired interest since industrial stagnation in the mid 1960s. Over the years the Indian economy has undergone a structural change in its sectoral composition: from a primary agro-based economy during the 1970s, the economy has emerged as predominant in industry. This has triggered an interest in readdressing the analytical and methodological aspects of the interlinkages between the two sectors the service sector since the 1990s. This structural changes and the uneven pattern of growth of agriculture, industry and service sector economy in the post reforms period is likely to appear substantial changes in the production and demand linkages among various the economy. At the same time the growing integration with the rest of the world in the post-reform period (post 1991 period) and the recent spurt of service sector led growth are also likely to have significant impact on the linkages between the agriculture and industry. This has triggered an interest in read dressing the analytical and methodological aspects of the interlinkages between the two sectors. That agriculture and industry being integral component of development process due to their mutual interdependence and symbiotic relationship, the contribution of agriculture to the economy in general and to industry in particular is well known in almost all the developing countries. However, the degree of interdependence may vary and also change over time. In the theory and empirical literature, the inter-relationship between agriculture and industry has been discussed from different channels. First, agriculture supplies food grains to industry to facilitate absorption of labour in the industry sector. Secondly, agriculture supplies the inputs like raw cotton, jute, tea, coffee etc. needed by the agro-based industries. Thirdly, industry supplies industrial inputs, such as fertilizer, pesticides, machinery etc. to the agriculture sector. Fourthly, agriculture influences the output of industrial consumer goods through demand. Fifthly, agriculture generates surpluses of savings, which can be mobilized for investment in industry, and other sectors of the economy. Sixthly, fluctuations in agricultural production may affect private corporate investment decisions through the impact of the terms of trade on profitability, whereas some of these channels emphasize the â€Å"agriculture-industry‟ linkage on the supply side or production side, others stress the linkages through the demand side. The production linkages basically arise from the interdependence of the sectors for meeting the needs of their productive inputs, whereas the demand linkage arises from the interdependence of the sectors for meeting final consumption. Further, the linkages between the two sectors can also be categorized into two groups based on the direction of interdependence. One is the backward linkage, which identifies how a sector depends on others for their input supplies and the other is the forward linkage, which identifies how the sector distributes its outputs to the remaining economy. More importantly, these two linkages can indicate a sector’s economic pull and push, because the direction and level of such linkages present the potential capacity of each sector to stimulate other sectors and then reflect the role of this sector accordingly. As far as Jammu and Kashmir is concerned Agriculture is the predominant sector of the economy. Directly and indirectly, it supports about 80 per cent of the population besides contributing nearly 60 per cent of the state revenue, which adequately explains the over-dependency of the population on agriculture. The overall economic growth of the state depends largely on the progress of the agricultural sector, the development of which becomes even more important in the context of the very nominal progress it has made in the secondary sectors. With the introduction of planned development in the state during 1951-56, production of foodgrains and fruits has increased considerably. During 1998-99, the state produced 15.50 lakh quintals of food grains against 4.53 lakh quintal in 1950-51. Of this, Kashmir region contributed 27.20 per cent, Jammu region 72.14 per cent and Ladakh and Kargil region 0.66 per cent Industries play a vital role in the development of an economy. In this regard unfortunately, J&K has not been able to attract investments in industries and remained as an industrially backward state. The state does not have a strong industrial base, because geographical location of the state is such that the setting up of large industries with a large Capital base is not feasible, besides adverse environmental consequences. Nevertheless, many small and medium-scale industries have come up basically in the traditional sectors along with areas like food processing, agro-based units and metallic and non metallic products. Thus in such an sectoral environment were industrial sector has low opportunity, Agriculture provide basic linkages in its development . Thus the state of Jammu and Kashmir were main source of income is agriculture for masses of people, the linkages between Agriculture and Industry is very important to study in order to know the potential of Agriculture to develop an industrial environment in the state. In mean while it is important to study the dependence of agriculture on industry, so that both sectors will flourish the development in the state of Jammu & Kashmir. The macroeconomic linkage between the agricultural sector and industrial growth has been one of the most widely investigated in the development literature. In the early stages, researchers paid great attention in studying the relationship between the agricultural and industrial sectors, and how these sectors were inter-related. They argued that agriculture only plays a passive role; which is to be the most important source of resources (food, fiber, and raw material) for the development of industry and other nonagricultural sectors (Rosenstein-Rodan, 1943; Lewis, 1954; Ranis and Fei, 1961). Many of these analysts highlighted agriculture for its resource abundance, and its ability to transfer surpluses to the more important industrial sector. India being a predominantly agrarian economy and an agro-based industrial structure, the interrelationship between agriculture and industry has been one of the major issues for the researchers and policy makers since the beginning of the planning period. In the pre and early post-independence period, the industry sector had a close relationship with agriculture due to the agro-based industrial structure (Satyasai and Baidyanathan, 1997). Satyasai and Viswanathan (1999) found that the output elasticity of industry with respect to agriculture was 0.13 during 1950-51 to 1965-66. Rangarajan (1982) has found that a 1.0 percent growth in agricultural production increases industrial production by 0.5 percent, and thus, GDP by 0.7 percent during 1961-1972. However, the industrial sector witnessed a slow growth, stagnation since the mid 1960s, which was largely attributed to the stunnedagricultural growth and favourable agricultural TOT, among other factors (Patnaik, 1972; Nayyar, 1978 and Bhatla, 2003).10 In fact the interdependence between the two sectors has found to be weakened during the 1980s and 1990s (Bhattacharya and Mitra, 1989; Satyasai and Viswanathan, 1997). For instance, Bhattacharya and Rao (1986) have found that the partial output elasticity of industry with respect to agriculture has declined from 0.15 during 1951/52 – 1965/66 to 0.03 during 1966/67-1983/84. Contradictorily, Satyasai and Viswanathan (1999) found that the output elasticity of industry with respect to agriculture has increased from 0.13 during 1950/51-1965/66 to 0.18 during 1966/67–1983/84, and then remained at the same level 0.18 during 1984/85-1996/97. The deteriorating linkages between agriculture and industry have been primarily credited to the deficiency in demand for agricultural products, decline in share of agro-based industries coupled with slow employment growth (Rangarajan, 1982; Bhattacharya and Rao, 1986; and Chowdhury and Chowdhury, 1995). Sastry et al. (2003), for the period 1981-82 to 1999-2000, found that the forward production linkage between agriculture and industry has declined, whereas backward production linkage has increased. They also found significant impact of agricultural output on industrial output, and that agriculture’s demand linkage to industry has declined, while that of from industry to agriculture has increased. Economic and Political Weekly August 26, 1989 1963 wean agriculture and merely the set of industrial consumption goods like clothing, footwear, sugar and edible oils, it may be concluded that the overall intersectoral linkages appear quite modest. The early writers, for example Rosestein-Rodan (1943), Lewis (1954), Scitovosky (1954), Hirchman (1958), Jorgeson (1961), Fei and Ranis (1961) and others emphasized the role of agriculture only as a primary supplier of wage goods and raw materials and abundant labour supply to industry (Johnston and Mellor, 1961 and Vogel, 1994). The role of agriculture in the transformation of a developing economy was seen as ancillary to the central strategy of accelerating the pace of industrialization (Vogel, 1994). Kalecki (1976) also pointed out the importance of investment and technological advances in agriculture for the rapid development of industry. The traditional literature on inter-sectoral linkages in the growth process generally emphasises the role of agriculture as a primary supplier of wage goods and raw materials to industry (supply-linkage on the one hand and as a provider of major output for in- dustrial goods (demand linkage) on the other [Johnston and Mellor, 1961 and tertiary sector in a modern economy. Further, it may be noted that with growing mechanization of agriculture it becomes dependent on industry for basic inputs, like, fertiliser, power, pesticides, etc. Incidentally the agriculture-industry relationship becomes more complicated in this process. A slow growth of net availability of food- grains or alternatively the movement of inter-sectoral terms of trade in favor of the agricultural sector is believed to cause deceleration of the industrial sector. However, empirically speaking there was no slow down in the growth of production of food- grains after the mid-sixties [Ahluwalia: 1985]. Nor was there any fall in the marketed surplus of agriculture [rhamarajakshi: 1977] so as to be related to the industrial decelera- tion. But, so far as the agriculture vis-à  -vis industry terms of trade is concerned, one en- counters a series of mixed evidence. Whe Thamarajakshi [1977], and Mitra [1977] visualised a favouralJe terms of trade for the agricultural sector during the mid-sixties andearly seventies, Khalon and lyagi [1983] obtained evidence that stand quite contrary to others’ view. Mundle [1977], however main- tains that in terms of intersectoral resource flow-of which terms of trade is just a single component-the industrial sector has been undergoing loss since the mid-sixties. Prior to that it was agriculture which was experiencing an outflow of resources. Rangarajan [1982a] in his macro econometric model makes an attempt to capture the demand linkage between agriculture and industry. He identifies a positive impact that agricultural output has on the demand for industrial consumption goods. The effect of foodgrain terms of trade on industrial products has been negative but elasticity is negligible. Both agricultural output and terms of trade had a positive influence on household saving and investment. Keeping in view such segmented impact of agriculture on industry zplaining the behaviour of indugtrial produc- tion purely in terms of agricultural performance .Bhattacharya and Rao [1986] emphasisesthe sluggishness that continued in the per-formance of industry even after the relative relaxation of the wage goods constraint that occurred during the green revolution period. Thus, the theoretical literature in the â€Å"agriculture-industry linkages † has broadly highlighted the place of agriculture and non-agriculture sector, especially industry in the development process and contribution of each in augmenting growth of output and employment. Most of the theoretical literature has largely focused only on one side of the â€Å"agriculture-industry linkages ’’ i.e. either the supply side linkages or demand side linkages. However it is both the demand side and supply side linkages that work together in an inter-sectoral framework, which determines the interlinkages between the two sectors. In this respect Bhaduri (2003) and Bhaduri (2007) are two important contributions in the literature. Bhaduri (2003) extends Kaldor’s model by considering the role of the agricultural surplus from the supply side as well as the importance of the demand side effect for industrial goods. In this set up, both the sectors grow in tandem, reinforcing and reinvigorating each other’s growth impulse, by resolving each other’s potential realization problem (Jha, 2010). Further, Bhaduri et al. (2007) have extended the Kaldor’s model by contrasting between the supply side and demand side linkages of the two sectors from the TOT point of view. Thus there has been lot of researches, publication and models on the topic â€Å"Agriculture industry linkages in the economy† given by many renowned economists, and peoples associated with this field. Everyone concluded that there is an unlimited linkage between two sectors which not only develop one other but also give birth to other sectors as well. Thus to conclude it can be said that in an economy mostly there is a l arge number of linkages originated from a primary level and put economy to those sectors which keep it in the level of developed ones.

Comparing Two Advertisements Essay

In this essay I will compare two advertisements both of which are marketing motor vehicles. Both of these advertisements are presented on a single page but one is promoting a Nissan X-Trail jeep and the other a Fiat Seicento 2Tone car. I chose to compare these two advertisements, as they are both similar in a way that they are promoting motor vehicles. Both advertisements were found in glossy page magazines. The Seicento 2Tone I found in a â€Å"HELLO† magazine, which is read by both men and women of all ages. The Nissan X-Trail I found in a local magazine that again both woman and men of all ages read. The target audiences for the two advertisements differ. The Seicento 2Tone has many aspects that appeal to the female reader, more so then it would to the male reader. Likewise, with the Nissan X-Trail although the target audience could be male or female, it would seem to interest the men more because of the bolder sporty layout. The layout on the Fiat Seicento 2Tone is very soft and simple looking, as pale delicate colours have been used to give it a very gentle feel. The colours and background colour of the whole advertisement is very simplistic with the dull silver and slight orange trim around the car. It is very subtle, soft and feminine in contrast to the Nissan X-Trail, which is very colourful with an almost dark and rugged texture to its paper. The shining silver of the jeep, with its dark blacked out windows, gleams against the dark background with a splash of bright colour on the right hand side behind the jeep for the sporty gear, instantly appealing to the adventurous sporty type. The Fiat Seicento 2Tone appeals to the women because of its soft gentle appearance and the box with the two cars implying a pair of boots is placed at the top of the page, very large, leading down to the slinky title â€Å"Kinky Boots† automatically attracting a female readers interest and posibly mens interest as well. The title kinky boots also relates to the motto â€Å"Driven by Passion† which is appealing to women’s emotions more so than men. The second advertisement, the Nissan X-Trail, appeals more to the men because of its â€Å"Real Life Computer Game† which subtly implies an action packed ride. The image of the jeep in the Nissan X-Trail is placed in the middle of the single page, on a slant giving an off road impression. It is the main feature with most of the attention drawn to it, whereas the Fiat Seicento 2Tone is placed at the top of the page, with a wider spread surrounding. The setting of each advertisement has a similar connection to the type of car and the audience they are persuading. The Nissan X-Trail has a jam packed page full of colours and images just like an action packed computer game, in contrast to the Fiat Seicento 2Tone, which has a very unadorned almost quiet like setting with very appealing titles, logo’s and mottos to attract the readers attention. Another great aspect that attracts the female reader to the Fiat Seicento 2Tone advertisement is the use of persuasive, chatty and witty language, which would amuse the reader as well as making contact with them, by using a friendly and informal tone and style. Throughout the text sex appeal has been included for example, â€Å"turn a few heads† meaning catch people attention as you would with fashion and clothing. â€Å"Designed with exquisite details† almost like a designer dress that would stand out as the car would. â€Å"Metallic paint, matching interior trim and body, colour co-ordinated features† giving the gist that everything fits in and is matching like an out fit would. They then continue to say you could â€Å"look drop dead gorgeous† with a whole range of extra’s just for i 6199, â€Å"go on, treat yourself† as if they were talking about an item of clothing or makeup. All this would instantly attract and appeal to the female reader, whereas in the Nissan X-Trail aspects that attract the male reader to the advertisement are more male orientated features. With help of the text and language used the male â€Å"real life computer game† effect is enhanced. Short, simple sentences are used for emphasis on aspects related to the jeep. It also keeps the male readers attention as opposed to long complex sentences. It compares the car to a computer game, whereas, the Fiat car is being compared with fashion. To achieve this they used figures, mechanical and technical details, â€Å"the smooth control of a 2. 5l 180hp engine with multi mode 4WD system. † This would more than likely attract the men and create an imaginary game through driving the jeep. â€Å"Forget loading a hard drive, forget 3-D animation† meaning forget all that indoor computer fantasy life, drive the Nissan X-Trail and live the game real life or even â€Å"reboot your life. † The X-trail advertisement seems to appeal towards a male audience even though they use repetitiveness with rhythm of verse. As there are three very short stanzas in the Nissan X-Trail, all full of energy and power, it’s effective and can help to persuade the audience similar to the Fiat Seicento 2Tone with the chatty and witty informal tone. Both the Nissan X-Trail and the Fiat Seicento 2Tone use adjectives and modern language to persuade the reader. The Seicento 2Tone uses play on words such as, â€Å"Kinky Boots†, as the word ‘boots’ is cleverly linked to the image of the two cars parked next to a large shoebox. The word ‘kinky’ is a very seductive word, again introducing sex appeal. On the other hand the Nissan X-Trail does not use such obvious means of sex appeal, so instead use bold eye catching phrases. Weather it’s a monotone background with big, brash and bold white heading or an elegant refined orange heading both emphasis the subjects of both advertisements Both of the advertisements give some sort of detail, whether it is price, contact numbers or e-mail address they both give a different variety. I think that because the Nissan X-Trail was found in a local magazine there is no price list or finance offers. These are in fact found in the Fiat Seicento 2Tone as the magazine it is advertised in is found throughout the world; therefore it is open to a lot more readers and buyers. In both the advertisements there are telephone numbers and website addresses for people to contact for further information. Similarly both the advertisements have motto’s and logo’s not just advertising the car but the company itself for anyone who is interested in buying a car if its not particularly the one shown in the advertisement. At the bottom of the Fiat Seicento 2Tone there is an extra section of text in small font giving more detail about prices and payments and buying requirements. As opposed to in the Nissan X-Trail, there are no extra details. Personally, I think that both advertisements are effective but perhaps the Fiat Seicento 2Tone is more persuasive and appealing to the reader. I think this because of its informal witty sense from the text and the use of seductive feminine language. However, I think that overall the image and sense you achieve form the Nissan X-Trail is more inviting and appealing because of its boldness and adventure. I think that in an advertisement it is more important to persuade your reader then to attract them. If the advertisement has persuaded the reader, it has more that likely already attracted them. To further extent, I would conclude in saying that it is more important to be persuaded and attracted rather then just informed. I find that the Fiat Seicento 2Tone possesses both attraction and persuasion. I believe it has a greater impact and effect on the audience so; consequently it is the most successful.

Assignment †OUMH1203 English for Written Communication- SEP 13 Essay

ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION AND ASSESSMENT ______________________________________________________________________________ OUMH1203 ENGLISH FOR WRITTEN COMMUNICATION SEPTEMBER 2013 ______________________________________________________________________________ INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS 1.This assignment contains TWO (2) questions that is set in the language of the printed module for the course. 2. Your assignment should be typed using 12 point Times New Roman font and 1.5 line spacing. 3.Your assignment should be between 500 to 800 words excluding references. The number of words should be shown at the end of your assignment. Do not copy the assignment question and instructions to your answer. 4. You must submit your assignment BY MAIL to fes.assignments@villacollege.edu.mv by 18:00 hrs. You are advised to keep a copy of your submitted assignment for personal reference. 5.You can submit your assignment ONCE only in a SINGLE file. 6. Your first assignment must be submitted on 27th October and the second assignment on 10th November. Submission after 1800 hrs on this date will be accepted as LATE SUBMISSION. 10% of your assignment marks will be deducted for each delayed day. 7. You should not copy another person’s assignment. You should also not plagiarise another person’s work as your own. EVALUATION This assignment accounts for 50 % of the marks for the course mentioned and shall be assessed based on the Rubrics or Answer Scheme. You would be informed of the assignment mark before the Final Semester Examination commences. PLAGIARISM : MARKS DEDUCTION Warning: The submitted assignment will undergo a similarity check. If plagiarism is detected, marks would be deducted as follows: Assignments with 10 – 30 % overlap with others: 20% deduction from the total marks scored. Assignments with more than 30% overlap with others: Zero mark would be given. ASSIGNMENT QUESTION This assignment consists of TWO parts. PART A: IN CLASS ASSESSMENT_ (INDIVIDUAL TASK-30%) From the list of topics below you need to choose any THREE topics and this must be done in class during your tutorial sessions. Each of these essays carries 10% of the total marks. Each essay should be approximately 500-800 words long. a) In many countries, old people are sent to live in old-age homes where there are nurses to look after them. Sometimes governments pay for this care. Who should be responsible for our old people? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice. b) The Expectancy Theory of Motivation by Victor H. Vroom suggests that an individual’s perceived view of an outcome will determine the level of motivation. How can this theory be applied in the Maldivian classrooms to improve the performance of secondary students? c) Though not out of choice, the current situation requires students to join evening classes to complete their tertiary education at colleges and universities. What are the advantages and disadvantages of attending classes in the evening? d) Co-education is the current system followed in Maldivian schools. While some think students study better in single-sex schools, others believe they need to be mixed for various reasons. In your opinion, what is the best system for the Maldivian schools? Justify your opinion with specific reasons and details. PART B: GROUP TASK (20%) You need to complete these TWO tasks in groups of 3 or 4. Work in groups of three or four people. Choose TWO of the topics given below. Write a research essay on each of your chosen topic. Your research essay carries 10% of the total marks each. Each essay must be between 500 to 800 words long. . a) International research has found numerous benefits which apprenticeship brings for those apprentices who complete their programme. How important is a national level apprenticeship programme for the Maldivians? Write a report on this including recommendations to improve the current situation. b) The customs and traditions of a country help to maintain its uniqueness. It is believed that many customs and traditions of the Maldivians are dying out due to globalisation. Write a report based on the impact of globalisation on the Maldivian customs and traditions. c) The number of motor vehicles imported to the Maldives is increasing at an alarming rate. Write a report based on the potential transportation problems  of Male’ in 15 years’ time, and provide suggestions to overcome them. d) Many believe heavy exposure to TV carnage during childhood leads to imitation of what they see on TV, acceptance of violence as normal, desensitization to real people’s suffering and arousal by images on television, triggering violent responses. Write a report on how critical this issue is in the Maldives? Include recommendations to overcome this problem in the future. Thank you and Good luck! ____________________________________________________________________________ END OF PAGE

Cases for Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cases for Analysis - Coursework Example 2. It is understandable why Yellowstone wishes to settle all the claims out of court. A trial would inform public opinion about the low quality of the mowers and would harm the company’s image. It is also understandable why the company’s lawyers keep the claims out of the court. Considering the fact that this is an abnormally dangerous defect, Yellowstone should act ethically and just publicly admit its fault, retrieve all the mowers from the shops and work on repairing them. However, the ones that should go to court and accept no settlement are the injured parties, the consumers who have suffered because of the defected products. 3. Again, it is understandable why Yellowstone would like to include the secrecy clause in the settlement agreements. If one party were to start talking about the defect of the mower and about the fact that the claim was kept out of the court in change for an impressive sum, Yellowstone would be forced to deal with one of the two situations: 1 . Their sales would grow, as a result of people looking at this like at a business opportunity: buy one defective mower, wait until it explodes, threaten the manufacturer with a lawsuit and get a refund from Yellowstone, or 2. Their sales would be drastically reduced as a result of the bad publicity. None of the situations looks good so that is why secrecy clauses are included in the settlements. The morality of this is doubtful and the reasons why the affected consumers accept this are even more questionable. Legally, such clauses are not prohibited and are, on one hand, acceptable. However, cumulating the fact that none of the defection cases is made public, the products continue to be sold, in spite of their obvious defects and the insertion of the secrecy clause in the settlements, the situation, on the whole, is not legal and the company’s marketing policy is based on deceiving the clients. 4. As it has been stated before, the answer to this question is No; the injured p arties are not acting ethically when agreeing not to disclose the products’ defect to others. They are consciously accepting the fact that somebody else may be injured. Moreover, in legal terms, these people are liable under the law of tort, as acting with recklessness towards the possible hundreds of victims. The Restatement (Second) of Torts defines reckless conduct as it follows: â€Å"The actor's conduct is in reckless disregard of the safety of another if he does an act or intentionally fails to do an act which it is his duty to the other to do, knowing or having reason to know of facts which would lead a reasonable [person] to realize, not only that his conduct creates an unreasonable risk of physical harm to another, but also that such risk is substantially greater than that which is necessary to make his conduct negligent.†2 Although this definition is close to negligence, no matter what tort is applicable, all the parties that agreed to the secrecy clause did not act ethically or legally correct. CHAPTER 2 CASE 4 In my opinion, the right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the USA Constitution is violated in this case by Mississippi University for Women. Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment stipulates: â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they

Methodology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Methodology - Assignment Example 3) The M-Pesa money transfer services offered by the Vodafone Corporation are such an example of an intrapreneurship (Spitzeck, nd, pp.5-9). It is a high-risk venture since mostly the firm funds the projects but it diversifies the firm’s focus and increases innovation approaches and motivational techniques. It is also a shield for the company from risks of failure and a pilot for proposed management and entrepreneurial styles (Asgar and Wigley, 2000, pp. 4). Companies are growing and production has increased with a ready market locally, in the Americas and Africa, which would be attributable to the high rates of innovations that are characterizing these market segments. The way of running companies in Asia is different from the rest of the world in matters of administration and the use of intraprenuership could increase the growth of the companies, their reputation and their production (Antoncic and Hisrich, 2001, pp. 495). Most of the companies in Asia have a top-down adminis tration strategy in matters of organizational culture leading to a form of innovation paralysis, a general lack of new ideas and insight: where the low-level personnel are not empowered and they hardly get things done without approval from the authorities; this approval is hard to get (Yeung, 2002 p. 1-5). Intraprenuership has been adopted by many major firms and has led to creation of major brands and diversification of market (Bosma, Stama and Wennekers, 2010, pp. 4). Therefore, intrapreneurship can be seen to be managerial phenomenon that ought to be taken more seriously and tried widely as the companies will benefit from the concepts of their employees and have them drive the exercise as it enriches management practices (Seshadri and Tripathy, 2006, pp. 17). It allows the adoption of design, creativity and innovation as a strategy for competitiveness, diversification and income generation (Hathway, 2009, pp. 8). Justification The recent development of this management practice (i ntrapreneurship) may imply that it is not widely used across the globe, and hence within the Asian region. This study will therefore will be very instrumental in justifying the presence or lack of this management strategy within this region. It is therefore important that the dissertation reveals how it affects or could affect the running of businesses within this region as being studied. The dissertation will therefore be concerned with developing a hypothesis on the necessity of intraprenureship in Asia and its contribution to organizations. The research question is therefore â€Å"what is the effect of intrapreneurship within Asian based organizations?† Objectives Business management is a field that involves new findings, strategies and re-strategizing on the output of the firm for increased revenue (Sabharwal, nd, 89-90). In the mid 70’s, the world of business management used a method that would later on come to be utilized and revitalized to conform to arising cha llenges of the new era; in the first paper about this method, Gifford and Elizabeth Pinchot in 1978 named it

How B.G. Tilak thought taking action was the only way to create and Research Paper

How B.G. Tilak thought taking action was the only way to create and Independent India - Research Paper Example He later graduated with a bachelor’s in mathematics and Sanskrit. Tilik completed his studies with a degree in law in 1879. After graduating from school, Tilak emerged as a great political leader, writer, philosopher and a Sanskrit scholar. The philosophical views of Tilak were highly influenced by the western metaphysics and political views. This is attributed greatly to the extent the English education affected him. Tilak rose as one of the young scholars advocating for the freedom of India. The colonial government accused Tilak of inciting the Indians to political violence in his fight for an Independent India. This results from the fact that Tilak was an extremist and employed extreme mechanism when fighting for independence in India. The British rule accused Tilak of instigating the Indian community to violence and was highly criticized his activities that were mainly characterized by extreme violence and were mainly based on the teachings of Hinduism. Tilak considered extremist activities as the only solution to the rise in foreigners group, in the country. Majority of the historians classify Talik as the most extremist political leader in the colonial India. He was a considerable extremist’s leader who utilized his role in acquiring independence in India. Talik mainly sought the assistance of Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai and Aurobindo Ghose from the national congress, which enhanced his struggle for independent India. Despite his extremist tactics of acquiring an independent India, Tilak was highly respected and applauded by locals and foreign intellectuals but his extremism was an intimidation to the government. Tilak used his writing talent to promote extremism as well as opposing colonial rule in India. He specifically made use of Kesari and Mahratta, which were started in 1881. The newspapers columns unveil Tilak’s radical and strong personality. They further unfold political militant views. Tilak was

Ben and Jerry's Homemade Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ben and Jerry's Homemade - Case Study Example It is interesting to inquire how the earning of Yocream International was lesser (9.4) than that of Ben and Jerry’s (19.8) although both sold on the same price line (1.8). The above analysis reveals that other companies were earning higher than Ben and Jerry’s and their shareholders were profiting better than the shareholders of Ben & Jerry’s. 2. Do you think that, in general, it is possible for a for-profit company to be committed to â€Å"improve the quality of life of a broad community† and still maximize shareholder value? Why or why not? In general, it is not possible for a for-profit company to be committed to improve the quality of life of a broad community and still maximize shareholder value because approach towards the community and overall society is different. The traditional business approach has been money-minded. Companies strive to reduce costs and increase profits. This is a simplistic view of business and profit-making. Not only simple but it is conservative as well. In old times, it used to depend on company proprietors whether to spend their hard-earned money on personal pursuits or on the community welfare. Improving the quality of life was not counted to be relied on the shoulders of private sector. It used to be the responsibility of the government. If I were Henry Morgan, I would recommend the Board to decide in favor of the takeover offers being made. Shareholders’ profit-earning interests cannot be ignored at the cost of playing a greater role of attending to the needs of social, economic, and environmental concerns. No doubt, providing a canopy to the social values through such efforts as providing demand for harvestable tropical rainforest products sounds nice and caters to deep human welfare emotions, but the primary job of a listed company is to earn profit for the shareholders. Community welfare needs to be a secondary thought. 4. If you are thinking about starting a new business, would social consciousness

Comparative Negligence and COA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparative Negligence and COA - Assignment Example The Management of European health SPA must be fully informed that they have a duty of care which provides that adequate action must be taken to avoid harm to its members or other people within their property. Policy aspects must be balanced in establishing the extent of their duty of care to patients and other stakeholders. Core components of sustaining an action in negligence include: the prediction of injury to the petitioner in which case it should be clearly identifiable the defendant’s action or inaction projected a sufficient level of certainty that the petitioner would suffer harm. Secondly, there should be a proximate cause between the the defendant’s actions or inaction and the injury or damage suffered by the plaintiff. In this case Rhoda has a right to claim damages given the fact that she is a member of the European Health SPA and the organization is to be morally blamed for not foreseeing and preventing the harm on her. The European Health SPA has a great burden and consequences for their actions of imposing duty and liability to the members as in Valdez v. J. D. Deffenbaugh Co., 51 Cal. App. 3d 494, 124 Cal. Rptr. 467 (1975). In this scenario the test of careless negligence is objective as opposed to being subjective. Rhoda who is the plaintiff must be fully aware that liability on the part of the defendant is incurred in tort when the party at the time of the act of negligence must have considerably foreseen the act that could lead into injury of another. According to Rhoda’s testimony it occurs that the floor had been slippery on all the 25 occasions she used the facilities, but the defendant had failed to exercise duty of care by warning its members or other users of the impending danger of a slippery floor. As a result of this negligence, Rhoda suffered physical injury, which entitles her to

VA Tech Shooting - Cho Seung-Hui Research Paper

VA Tech Shooting - Cho Seung-Hui - Research Paper Example Cho was able to buy these weapons despite the psychological problem he was afflicted with and that was in the records. At around 7:15 AM he killed two students. He sent some videos to NBC News proclaiming himself to be Jesus Christ and revealing his contempt towards the wealthy students and â€Å"deceitful charlatans† (Hagan, 2010, p. 212). After two hours he entered a classroom, shut the main entrance doors and resumed to murder several students and faculty at large in 170 rounds. He had already used 174 bullets and 203 live cartridges were recovered. Several students and professors acted bravely and managed to escape and also save some others. If police had not arrived on time, further killings would have occurred. The following report will analyze the various aspects of the massacre and especially the accused along with the action taken by the VPI Campus Police Department. An analysis of behavioral theory about Seung-Hui Cho would have led to an early identification of this negativity in the student and perhaps could have prevented the massacre. Cho’s behavior can be analyzed with the help of Trait Theory, especially Psychodynamic Trait Theory proposed by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso. The theory asserts that criminality is a result of abnormal biological or psychological characteristics. Biological this might be explained as follows: â€Å"Chemical and mineral imbalance leads to cognitive and learning deficits†¦and these factors in turn are associated with antisocial behavior† (Schechter, 2003, p. 100). Psychological Freud has put forward a theory, which has become significant with time. According to Freud, â€Å"â€Å"[the] residue of the most significant emotional attachments of our childhood, which then guides our future interpersonal relationships† (Siegel, 2005, p. 111). This theory comprises of three components – id, ego and super ego. The id dominates one’s basic needs like sleep, food habits,

Project Management has become so Financially Sensitive that all Essay

Project Management has become so Financially Sensitive that all Project Managers should be Qualified Accountants - Essay Example This essay examines the point that "Whether or not a project manager has to be a qualified accountant" A project is a team work and every single individual has to play his own part in it to utmost faith. Finance is very important for the success or failure of a project. In fact finance is the life blood of every project. So it becomes imperative that the project manager must have knowledge of the financial aspects of the project. He will be able to direct in a better way the accountants if the project manager is a qualified accountant. If a project manager has to function effectively then he/she has to understand every aspect of cost and also the timing with regard to recognition of cost. Cost affects both the project and also the financial performance of the corporate. The project manager's duty is to be aware of the various cost perceptions and way in which they have to be reported. This knowledge will help the project manager to control the cost of goods sold which is his/her sole financial responsibility. The project manager can also control the timing of cost so that cash flow and the total cost of the project improves. Apart from this he can also affect revenue expenses and its report in the Profit and Loss statement (Project Management Journal, June 1986, p372). The different organizational goals which require continuous improvement in the quality of services and goods supplied to a customer through close customer relationships has contributed to this changing environment. Project managers should therefore understand and be aware of the various financial aspects of a project (Lundsten, David J 2006). The field of Project Managers is developing rapidly. This field now has its own professional body, the Project Management Institute (PMI), and its own professional certification, Project Management Professional (PMP). A project manager's task is to hand over the project on time and also within the prescribed budget. Most project managers feel they are responsible towards the firm's profitability only to the extent and limitation of controlling the project cost. But this is not so, they are capable of doing even beyond that. As soon as the various costs of a project is recognized the project manager's responsibility and effectiveness is increased. Planning the expenses and the cost of the project and execution of the same by the project manager influences a company's profit. He has to take timely action of the range of cash flow, expenses, and reporting of revenue and expenses. Thus the project manager has to be well versed and have a total knowledge in the cost accounting practices which shape the firm's project cost reporting (Project Management Journal, June 1986, p375). Scrutiny of the distinctive project profit & loss statement (Table 1) depicts how a project when sold for profit is subjugated to costs apart from the projects' cost (cost of 4 goods sold). The project manager

Good, Bad and Disturbing News about the Future Essay Example for Free

Good, Bad and Disturbing News about the Future Essay It seems that the development of our technology has some price to pay. In his article entitled â€Å"Good, Bad and Disturbing News about the Future†, Dr. Malcolm Smith, a family life specialist addresses to parents the transformations that many teenagers are undergoing over the changing times. According to him, â€Å"Our young people are very connected, yet they feel very unattached† and with this loss of the sense of belongingness, the youth has resorted into various self-destructive behaviors such as violence and despair, among others. The youth may already have various means of connecting to other people but they do not have the attachment that people before used to have. Parents must be alarmed at the revelation that not many teenagers are able to communicate with adults well and this could lead to disobedience, which is, by the way, one of the Ten Commandments written in the Scriptures. The increasing disregard of the youth for others has caused them to rebel and go against what the teachings of their parents. In the end, this disregard leads them to lose their fear over the Supreme Being. While the whole world may be planning ways on how to survive future happenings such as recessions and the like, Malcolm said that it might also be high time to think over what can be done to change the youth’s attitude on life. A ministry can greatly help guide the youth such as through the retelling of the Scriptures, so that they have a chance to reflect on how they have lived their own life. This is a hard task at the beginning; however, as teenagers would only like to feel like they belong to some group, allowing them to interact with those who have similar situations can help them feel comfortable in no time. Bringing in family and ministry support to misguided teenagers could help prepare them for the future, helping them to survive and live life free from violence and rebellion.

Valuing Literacy Essay Example for Free

Valuing Literacy Essay In speaking about the value of literacy in the classroom, it is essential to reflect upon our own personal histories in the classroom setting. Being that my favorite content has been primarily math, it was often difficult for me to be interested in literacy. Language, both spoken and written, did not appeal to me in the same way that math and numbers did. I always found math to be very logical, simple and straight forward, with understandable rules, while language seemed subjective, with rules that alter and change over time. However, even though language was not my favorite subject, it is vital to understand the ways in which people are aided by having a strong command of language. Development The development of the child as one passes through the school system is a constantly shifting and evolving process. I remember listening to bedtime stories as a young child and learning to read, then learning how to spell and write in elementary school and understanding the parts of speech. As I progressed into secondary school, I was expected to organize and refine my writing, developing concepts in depth. It is a natural process for children to start out slow with literacy skills. However, it is important for children to be supported in language acquisition as they grow older, promoting the comprehension of multifaceted ideas (Plaut, 2008). Content There were various methods employed by my parents and teachers to help me to fully understand the content of literacy. When reading with my parents, we took turns reading and pronouncing words. They encouraged me to read to them, just as they were happy to read to me. In elementary school, I received further instruction in grammar and semantics, learning how words worked within sentences, how words were spelled, how to gain meaning from the concepts being communicated. In secondary school, I was encouraged to write essays, to fine tune my organizational skills, and to communicate ideas in a comprehensive and orderly fashion. Experiences In reflecting on how some of my experiences with literacy were helpful or harmful, it is important to note that not all children learn about language in positive ways. Sometimes, the very people who are supposed to be our teachers use language to deflate the self esteem of children. I remember being reprimanded for reading something incorrectly, and the result was that I was less confident the next time. On the other hand, I remember instances of teachers praising my writing and pointing out what worked. I believe that praising the good is often more productive than shaming the mistakes. Social Impact The social impact of literacy is an important element of language acquisition. When family members, teachers, and friends are not highly educated in literacy or do not value language skills, then the result is a social environment which is not adequately supportive (McKenna Robinson, 2009). Social interactions have a way of making or breaking a person, and it is important to recognize the gulf between the expectations of the greater academic society and the reality of one’s social atmosphere. Practice In bringing my own literacy skills to a higher level and moving from being a student to being a teacher, it is highly important for me to be able to be an excellent model of literacy to the students I teach. Although I am focused on being a math teacher, the explanation and understanding of any subject has to be successfully communicated through language (Zwiers, 2007). It is of utmost importance to me and my future students that I be able to support them in polishing their literacy skills. In order to do this, I must focus on my own level of excellence. References McKenna, M. Robinson, R. (2009). Teaching through text: reading and writing in the content areas. Allyn and Bacon. Plaut, S. (2008). The Right to Literacy in Secondary Schools: Creating a Culture of Thinking. Teachers College Press. Zwiers, J. (2007). Building academic language: essential practices for content classrooms. John Wiley and Sons.

An Analysis Of The Dumbest Generation English Language Essay

An Analysis Of The Dumbest Generation English Language Essay The Dumbest Generation, How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future (Or, Dont Trust Anyone Under 30) is a critical analysis on the effects of the prolific spread of information and communication technology on the youth of today. In it, Mark Bauerlein argues that while this technology could have been used to increase access to knowledge and therefore improve the minds of children, it has only been used to distract them from useful knowledge and skills which he strongly implies, although rarely explicitly states, only currently come from books and exposure to art. The book at its core is a research paper, using hundreds of facts and an eight page bibliography to support his thesis, and free from having to defend his beliefs on a philosophical level, Bauerlein spends much of his paper explaining his many cited statistics and presenting his conclusion about what would happen if the trend was allowed to continue. Besides the obvious and repeatedly stated concl usion that an unchecked spread of technology would cause a completely ignorant generation, Bauerlein concludes his paper with an explanation of how an informed society is necessary to uphold a democratic government. Hidden more subtly throughout the book is the hidden message that technologys isolation of its users from the outside world and contact with the kinds of people we might not enjoy being around causes the psychological maturing process to slow, rendering a generation raised in the digital era perpetual children. Although his book is intended to be read by a wide range of audiences, Bauerleins target audience is the adults of today, or more specifically, the educators of today. His solution, placed in the final chapter of the book, where he was no doubt aware that only those with a personal stake or a love of knowledge would reach before putting it down, is to encourage children to read and learn for their own edification. He mentions several counter arguments to his, but doesnt refute their logic as much as drown them in empirical data showing that they have little to nothing backing them up. Through this book Mark Bauerlein jumped into a national debate already brought up by another similar book, The Age of American Unreason, by Susan Jacoby. But who is Mark Bauerlein? His most obvious feature is being a professor of English at Emory University, as stated in his web page at Emory Universitys official website and on the cover of his book. Also according to the same sources, he took a break for a couple of years to be a Director of Research and Analysis at the National Endowment for the Arts, showing that he does have experience in both gathering and interpreting the data with which he generously fills his book. His own personal website reveals that he is a fairly prolific writer himself, from such topics as racism and literary criticism itself, but for the most part Bauerlein writes about the humanities. While this information would obviously lead to Bauerlein having a personal stake in the state of American literacy, it does not really offer any evidence of bias either way for whether or not there actually is a literacy deficiency. Bauerlein uses his credentials well, relying only on his own credibility to properly evalua te data and to extrapolate the results, allowing the actual risk of misinformation to lie with his sources. For the most part, his information consists of surveys of participation in certain activities and tests of academic skill, primarily the National Assessment of Educational Progress, which is a program run by a subdivision of the U.S. Department of Education (Bauerlein 14-5). Where Bauerlein seems to falter in his credibility is in trying to avoid sounding reactionary or out of touch, discussing the information revolution as a form of Youth Rebellion (Bauerlein 178), making sweeping comments such as Young people have too much choice (Bauerlein 156), and showing disdain for the design of websites conforming to the whims of their readers, whose compositions include large bold headlines intended to grab audiences and putting the broad, useful information first to keep the reader paying attention, while completely ignoring the existence of these tactics in newspapers and within his own book. However, one can understand why the condescension was included. A moderate book doesnt sell, and an English Professor knows this better than anyone. But despite some issues regarding his relationship to the subject, the book does successfully display the flaws of the so called dumbest generation, and it certainly accomplishes its retroactively stated goal, to open up the issue to some sober skepticism, to blunt the techno-zeal spreading through classrooms and libraries (Bauerlein vii), found in the preface of the paperback edition. The purpose of the book is plain, and stated in its title, sub title, and sub-sub title. Bauerlein uses statistics and logic to show that the current generation of children will be incapable adults in order to convince parents and educators to encourage the children to read books, learn history, experience liberal arts. Like any good research paper, Bauerlein begins his exploration of the effects of technology with a moving introduction. In it, he sympathizes with the struggles facing the ambitious youth, who have to tirelessly fight to be the best out of millions just to progress to the next step in their lives. However, near the end he suddenly shifts to his own images about the average American student, which are quite grim. The introductions lack of relevance to the main subject was most likely added to pull in someone who would naturally expected the opposite of what is depicted in the first part of the intro based on the title. Also, by conceding the efforts and hardships of the young academics, he does not alienate them, in a way separating those potential readers from the sweeping accusations made later in the book. The pleasantries aside, Bauerlein dives into the fray with his mountains of data, citing over one hundred statistics in the first chapter. He uses several kinds of statistics; so me to show that children do not pass subject material exams, some to show that a large amount of children do not know a specific fact that one is normally expected to know, and some to show that other factors one might consider for causes of a lower average intelligence such as school time (Bauerlein 30), finance (Bauerlein 31), and leisure time (Bauerlein 32) have only become less restrictive over time. After having thoroughly proven that todays students dont know what they should, he moves on into the next chapter to discuss why this is. Bauerlein simply says that children dont choose to learn enough. His weapon of choice now is the survey of students in which he shows that children do not read literature or participate in the arts. The main survey he brings up is a report from National Endowment for the Arts, Reading at Risk, in which Bauerlein show that the reading of any kind of literature is declining, and especially so in children. However, the survey asked about voluntary reading, not reading required for work or school (Bauerlein 45) and despite assertions that to be considered a reader one merely had to read any work of any quality of any medium-book, newspaper, magazine, blog, Web page, or music CD insert (Bauerlein 47), it is unlikely that most of the people who said that they did not read were aware of or understood this qualification, and in all likelihood disregarded a ny reading they did do as sufficient. Bauerlein goes on to give several examples of the positive effects of a zeal for reading such as Frederick Douglass and Walt Whitman, which serve more to emotionally touch the reader rather than to logically prove his point, as the last section did. Back to the facts, Bauerlein sends out scores of numbers indicating that the youth of today spend a disproportionate amount of time on screen technology. However, instead of merely analyzing the data, he takes the time to bring up counterarguments. He shows how other authors such as Steven Berlin Johnson have explored the special social and thinking patterns that could only occur in a world of instant communication and interactive digital worlds in such books as Everything Bad is Good for You, and doesnt actually protest their reasoning, and even gives us his own visions of an ideal world where the technology created a vibrant massive community seeking knowledge and obtaining true enlightenment. And then Bauerlein caps it off with an answer to the rhetorical question Why, then, should bibliophiles and traditionalists carp so much? with the short maxim, Because that glorious creation of youth intelligence hasnt materialized (Bauerlein 107). He shifts once again to his statistics, now not only showing poor scholastic performance but poor job performance as well, painting a new picture of a generation of perpetual children who know little and know nothing practical. Not only do the digital medias have less complex vocabulary (Bauerlein 128-9), but they foster peer absorption (Bauerlein 133) and poor attention spans (Bauerlein 148). He describes the newest batch of young adults as twixters (Bauerlein 160) who despite financial stability, technology, and readily available education, do not settle down and wander through life fairly aimlessly. The solution, according to Bauerlein, is for the educators of America to rise up and promote reading and arts instead of technology alone, which has been shown to be ineffective by itself to promote learning and knowledge. In the final chapter, Bauerlein compares an ignorant adults that the ignorant children would become to Rip Van Winkle (Bauerlein 204-9), knowing nothing that they need to in a world that suddenly demands their attention and participation, and unaware of how to feel about the issues surrounding them. Bauerlein closes with a conclusion that if uncorrected, the trend of an unintelligent youth would undermine democratic society, and that only by reintegrating tradition into learning could we save society from the sovereignty of youth. (Bauerlein 223) brought about by a freedom from material that challenges what they think. The overall structure of the book is designed for a broad range of readers. An interesting introduction pulls in readers of all sorts, and then a series of facts puts the issue of childhood ignorance freshly onto the minds of concerned adults. Specific proof of his claim trails this to counter those who doubt the validity of his claim, followed by acknowledgement and rebuttal of claims to appease those more enlightened on the subject, and he finishes the book with a powerful, almost alarmist message that exploits the fears of a society of idiots and their patriotism to swing to his side his colleagues, students, and critics. Of course, Bauerlein is certainly not the first to comment on the rising ignorance among todays young adults. Just three months before The Dumbest Generation was published, The Age of American Unreason, a book by Susan Jacoby, hit the shelves with a similar conclusion, that the digital age has caused the current youth to become self absorbed and ignore what goes on around them; Bauerlein mentions it in passing. For long years it has been suspected that digital technology would not improve education. In an essay by Michael Schrage from 1997, aptly named Computers Will Not Transform Education, shows doubt about the young internets ability to revolutionize education, and points out that neither the radio nor the television had a great impact on student performance. This sentiment was also expressed in another essay that year, Computers Cannot Replace Good Teachers, by Clifford Stoll, who makes the calm assertion that most learning isnt fun. Learning takes work. Discipline. Responsibilit y-You have to do your homework. Both of the predictions of a high amount of spending on technology by education and an insignificant change in performance are evident in The Dumbest Generation. However, Bauerleins presentation of poor performance seems to contradict the Flynn effect, the rise of IQ over time, but instead of contesting it, he lets it sit, and in some ways appears to ignore the elephant in the room when discussing the relevancy of new visual learning techniques, relying nearly entirely on test performance. However, not all of the data works in favor of Bauerlein. According to The Nations Report Card, the official web site for the National Assessment of Educational Progress, Mathematics scores for 9- and 13- year-olds are higher than all previous assessment years and that Reading skills at all three ages improve since 2004. Furthermore, according to the charts on the long-term trend section of the web site, average scores overall have increased gradually but constantly since the first test in 1978. So while Bauerlein may be correct that the number of students who pass the test may be decreasing, this is mainly due to the level of competence being raised faster than the children are getting better, a much less frightening scenario. In fact, On both the reading and the math tests, and at all three tested ages (9, 13 and 17), the lowest-ever scores in the history of the NAEP were recorded by children born between 1961 and 1965 (Neil Howe). However, the raw score increase has not gotten any faster in thirty years, the increase is most likely due to increased incomes, higher teacher to student ratios, better health, and many of the other improvements that Bauerlein points out rather than technology, which would have shown higher improvement in recent years, when the information revolution started. Of course, all of this is only relevant if you put your faith into NAEP tests, which according to Jim Hull of The Center for Public Education in The proficiency debate: A guide to NAEP achievement levels, you cant. Hull shows that NAEP standards for proficiency in a subject are higher than nearly all of the state regulated proficiency tests, and the tested material often widely differs from state curriculum. One of Bauerleins main sources is Reading at Risk, a report explaining the results of a 2002 survey of reading habits by the National Endowment for the Arts, which he states indicates decreased reading in all age groups and a large decline in young readers. However, the 2008 results were released in January 2009, as a sort of sequel titled Reading on the Rise, which bared the unexpected news that the percentage of literary readers had actually gone up, and even more astoundingly, Literary reading has increased most rapidly among the youngest adults. This isnt just contradictory to the trend of 1992 to 2002, from which Bauerlein draws proof of a non reading public; it completely turns it upside down. And while the report was published eight months after The Dumbest Generation, the survey itself was taking place as Bauerlein was finishing his book, and that the miraculous return to literature had begun and reading rates were rising as Bauerlein was writing about how the reading rates w ere falling, and he didnt notice the complete reversal happening right under his nose, or chose to ignore it. Most people who picked up The Dumbest Generation were probably expecting a lot of expanded logic and presumptuous reasoning like what makes up the counter arguments to this book such as Everything Bad is Good For You, which do not have much true evidence. I was personally delighted to find that Mark Bauerlein had taken the time to find not just adequate data, but a tremendous amount of information. For the most part, his logic is sound; however, his main struck a bad chord. Because technology has increased while the intellectual performance of the newest generation has gone down, technology must be causing the newest generation to be the dumbest. Post hoc ergo proptor hoc. While he briefly explains why several other possible causes for lower test scores havent happened, he doesnt ever find a factual link between technology and the change in scores other than the times in which both occur. As far as books and technology, print reading would naturally decrease as web usage went up, sim ply due to the limits of time. In fact, Bauerlein doesnt have any proof of high literary reading from before twenty years ago; we are simply expected to believe that those before us spent all of their free time reading. What Bauerlein fails to address is the fact that social networking is not the result of technology on reading, but the effect of technology on actual, face-to-face social interaction. Ill jump to agree with the assertion that a decrease in performance could be based on the ability to choose not to succeed, but it is society, not technology, that facilitated this shift. The children of today arent expected to read literature much, and dont gain anything concrete from it, so most of them dont and I would expect it. Am I supposed to believe that the students of yore read The Divine Comedy for fun? They didnt, and for the most part, people read only what they like to read or what they have to read. And when children dont have to read much, they mostly read whats fun, eac h other, and other frivolities like video games. In The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future (Or, Dont Trust Anyone Under 30, Mark Bauerlein uses out of context information to convince readers that our advancements have made my generation the dumbest, when really it is simply not expected to do more, and its opinion is valued as important as the instructors. Indeed, with discipline, technology can be and already is used for incredible feats in learning. Without the photocopier, the online databases paid for by my school, and the internet, I would know nothing more on this subject than what is in this book. If more was expected of students, both student knowledge and beneficial use of technology would rise, to the point where English professors like Mark Bauerlein would stop separating published content into the categories of print and web. And quite frankly, Im insulted he used the title The Dumbest Generation when a title more fitting to his thesis would be The Laziest Generation. An alarmist book, The Dumbest Generation was written to sell a malformed idea that an English professor had a lot of published work already invested in, and was written to sell a lot of books. In both of these he succeeded.

ACG 2021, Introduction to Financial Accounting, Fall 2000, Exam 2 Explanations :: UFL Florida Business Accounting

ACG 2021 Fall 2000 Exam 2 Answer Key Explanation Based on the Order of Version A 1) A defined contribution program is one with â€Å"Regular, defined contributions to the fund. The fund balance changes in value with the accumulation of contributions and earnings and is decreased by benefits paid. Benefits received depend on the fund balance available at retirement.† (9-21 in the notes on page 247) 2) This is an error because ordinary repairs (ones that do not increase the original useful life, efficiency or capacity of the asset) are to be treated as expenses and entirely reported on the income statement in the year they are incurred. This error overstated assets by adding the $3,000 to the asset account incorrectly and understated N.I. by failing to record the $3,000 as an expense. 3) If the bonds are selling at 98 ½ ($24,625,000) then they are selling at a discount. This means that the market rate is higher than the stated rate. When the bonds were issued the market rate was the same as the stated rate so the market rate must have increased. (10-20 in the notes on page 274) 4) Here we need to consider two issues. Interest is not capitalized when an asset is purchased but it is capitalized when the company constructs its own asset (only for the period of construction). These concepts are discussed in chapter 8. Inventory is not a capital asset and therefore does not include financing costs. (8-3 on page 193 and 8-7 on page 197). 5) Financial Leverage is Average Total Assets/ Average Stockholders’ Equity. It measures how many dollars of assets are employed for each dollar of stockholder investment. It can be increased by increased borrowing or repurchasing outstanding stock. In laymen’s terms it is the proper use of debt to bring a higher return to owners. (Page 266 of the book, letter C of the ROE Profit Driver Analysis) 6) – 8) Segments that are used to answer the three questions have boxes around them. Using the effective method (assumed unless stated otherwise): Interest Expense = Beginning Carrying Value x Market Rate (Carrying Value = Face Value – Discount) The Present Value of the note is: P.V. = 400,000 x factor (using single sum table where i=8 and n=3). 317,520 = 400,000 x 7.938 (the attached table has 7.9383 on it but this gives a number close enough to be able to pick 317,520) The following journal entries would be made throughout the life of the note: 1/1/00 Equipment 317,520 Discount 82,480 Notes Payable 400,000 12/31/00 Interest Expense 25,402* (Question (8)) Discount 25,402 *1/1/00 Carrying value of 317,520 (400,000 – 82,480) x .

Pride and Prejudice :: essays research papers fc

Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice has many ways to make you laugh, but at the same time this novel makes you think. The character that I thought caused the most thoughtful laughter was Miss Bingley and her admiration of Mr. Darcy. When she was first introduced into the story she thought she was so much better than the families in the area, but it was at the second dance that she made her feelings known to Mr. Darcy, who by this time already had his eye on Elizabeth.  ¡Ã‚ ° I was never more annoyed! The insipidity and yet the noise; the nothingness and yet the self-importance of all these people! ¡Ã‚ ± (19)*. I laughed when I thought of Miss Bingley ¡Ã‚ ¯s family and how they started out as working class people, they were just more successful at it than most. Miss Bingley makes many personal attacks on Elizabeth ¡Ã‚ ¯s character, most of which are disregarded by Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth walking to Netherfield to visit Jane when she was ill gave Miss Bingley occasion to make one of her nasty com ments to Darcy,  ¡Ã‚ °I am afraid, Mr. Darcy, ¡Ã‚ ­ that this adventure has rather affected your admiration of her fine eyes. ¡Ã‚ ±(26)* Darcy told Miss Bingley how wrong she was, as well as praising Elizabeth . Miss Bingley works very hard on complimenting Darcy on everything he does, she makes quite a silly fool of herself by doing so. Mr. Darcy brushes aside her attentions as frequently as she gives them. When he is writing a letter to his sister during he first stay at Netherfield, she showers him with praise and he seems most annoyed with her continuous talking. From this readers point of view she tries so hard to attain her goal of acquiring his affections, that in fact she earns his disdain. Miss Bingley continues in her assaults on Elizabeth's appearance and character, and in doing so lowers herself in Darcy esteem even further.  ¡Ã‚ °How very ill Eliza Bennet looks this morning ¡Ã‚ ­I must confess for my own part I could never see any beauty in her ¡Ã‚ ­and in h er air altogether, there is a self-sufficiency without fashion, which is intolerable ¡Ã‚ ­  ¡Ã‚ ®She a beauty!-I should have soon have called her mother a wit. ¡Ã‚ ¯ But afterwards she seemed to improve on you, and I believe you thought her rather pretty at one time. ¡Ã‚ ±(200-201)* This was not the best method of recommending herself to Darcy, but angry and jealous people are not always insightful when it comes to others feelings.

Bearing Arms at Nineteen Years Old Essay -- argumentative, persuasive,

The right to bear arms is embedded in our Nation’s constitution as the second amendment of the Bill of Rights. The amendment states, â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed (Bill of Rights).† Currently these laws should be extended to nineteen year olds because they are considered legal adults and citizens. Although the United States no longer has local militias, the idea of keeping a secure state still stands today. Since 1960, the general trend for crime in the United States is at a gradual increase (Uniform Crime Reports). With the growing concern for the safety of the community, young adults at the age of nineteen should be able to conceal and use a handgun. This idea of concealing a handgun has been present in state laws for a long time. In Alabama, the law of 1819 states, â€Å"every citizen has a right to bear arms in defense of him (or her) self and the st ate (Volokh 191-217/ 27).† These rights however, should come with some qualifications in order to regulate gun control. Having organization would prevent chaos and irresponsibility. Lastly, there are many safe recreational uses for handguns such as formal competitions or usage at approved firing ranges. Nineteen year olds should be allowed to participate in these activities. Overall, the right for nineteen year olds to conceal a handgun is justifiable; however, this right should be regulated with the main purpose of safety. The idea that nineteen year olds being allowed to conceal handguns is clearly justifiable. First, nineteen year olds should be allowed to bear arms because of their constitutional right and legal status. Secondly, nineteen year olds are more immersed in a... ...ustice, . "Violent Crime." FBI. Uniform Crime Reports, 2010. Web. 1 Apr 2012. . Uniform Crime Reports. "United States Crime Rates 1960 - 2010." The disaster center. The Disaster Center, 2011. Web. 31 Mar 2012. . United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs., . Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 2009. 0. . Volokh, Eugene. "State Constitutional Rights To Keep And Bear Arms." Texas Review of Law & Politics. 11.1 (2006): 191-217/ 27. Web. 31 Mar. 2012. .

End of Life Care: Family Health Essay

In nursing, the goal of care is usually to restore the patient back to the highest level of health possible. In some cases, however, the goals of care change when a curative approach is no longer appropriate. The new goals of care could simply be palliation and pain control rather than a restoration back to full health. This type of care is called palliative care. Palliative care is not the same as end-of-life care, but the two go hand-in-hand at times. The goal of end-of-life care is a â€Å"good† death, good being defined by the patient. Palliation is part of that â€Å"good† death. Both palliative care and end-of-life care are areas of patient care that can be highly sensitive for those involved. A nurse must be able to navigate these waters carefully. The physically and mentally exhaustive nature of illness and dying takes a huge toll on the patient and his/her family. Anyone can qualify for palliative or end-of-life care regardless of race, gender, age, or any othe r demographic factors. It simply depends on the disease-state, the recommendations of the health care providers, and the goals of the patient. It is estimated that 69%-82% of those who die in high income countries such as the United States will need palliative care (Murtagh, Bausewein, Verne, Groeneveld, Kaloki, & Higginson, 2013), illustrating the need for nurses to familiarize themselves with this type of care. One concern voiced by many nurses is a not knowing what to do or say during end-of-life care (Sherwen, 2014). In the case of cancer, in particular, which has become more of a long-term illness, nurses feel uncomfortable and may miss opportunities in patient care (Sherwen, 2014). The following will be a discussion of palliative/end-of-life care and what the nurse can do to help the family and patient during a difficult time. A successful case is one in which the patient and his/her family feel supported and listened to throughout the whole process and the goals of the patient are achieved. Discussion When does palliative care begin? When does end-of-life care begin? These are questions that can only be answered by the individual going through the disease process and the team of caregivers advising him/her. A simple answer to both questions would be this: when the goals of care change from full restoration to health to comfort, relief of symptoms, and maintaining as high a quality of life as possible given the disease-state. Palliative care has a broader definition in that it focuses mainly on the patient’s comfort and can be applied to many other cases besides the imminently dying patient. The original development of palliative care was primarily for patients with cancer, in which there may not be a cure, but symptom management and prevention of progression of the disease is the primary goal (Kaakinen, Coehlo, Steele, Tabacco, & Hanson, 2015, p. 278). It has since branched out to other illnesses with poor prognosis but long disease-course; it really depends on the care team and the individual as to when it is implemented. End-of-life care, on the other hand, is a series of decisions made by the family when death is imminent (projected in the next days to months). They must decide how much medical intervention they want done with their family member, where the â€Å"ideal† death would occur (in their home vs. in a facility), and what their definition of a â€Å"good† death would be. Every case is different and there is not always time to plan everything, but this is a general outline. Before approaching any new area of nursing, a nurse must assess his/her own personal beliefs and for the presence of any biases about death and illness. It may be that the nurse has never encountered death and dying face-to-face and may hold pre-conceived notions that may not be in harmony with the patient’s beliefs. Identifying these biases and correcting them is crucial to taking care of the patient. While it is not wise or possible to separate one’s own person from one’ person as a nurse, it is better to find ways to help the patient through the process without burdening them with your own beliefs. Dying is a process that involves the entire family; that is to say, the family that is defined by the person. The nurse must be aware that this is  not only an individual process but a family process. This involves recognizing family dynamics and communication patterns and facilitating healthy interactions. Kaakinen et al (2015) discusses the two types of health care teams that will be involved in the patient’s care: multiprofessional and interprofessional. The multiprofessional model is an older model that does not focus on holistic care. Care is fragmented with an autocratic leader, vertical communication, separate goals of the professionals involved, and families are peripheral to the process (Kaakinen et al., 2015). The preferred model is the interprofessional model emphasizing a team approach, holistic care of the patient, horizontal communication, and involvement of the family (Kaakinen et al., 2015). The nurse should keep this collaborative approach in mind when dealing with any patient case, involving all teams associated with the patient for the best outcome. It is important to remember that care of the patient does not end when the patient dies. After the death there is still work to be done in the form of comforting the bereaved family members. It has been reported that some families feel â€Å"abandoned† after the death of a loved one by the hospital staff and this simply should not be so (Kaakinen et al., 2015). The nurse’s role after death involves simply a comforting presence, providing resources, answering questions, and listening to concerns. It may also be helpful to give the family information about what to expect next, what information is needed from them (funeral home arrangements, organ donation, etc.), and provide a place for them to rest and process. The relationship the nurse has with the patient is integral to positive patient outcomes. Ways that a nurse can improve this relationship include being professional, being sensitive, listening, and establishing trust. The nurse needs to be able to communicate and be communicated with clearly and easily. This will be a challenge for some families who already have poor communication skills. Asking questions and taking time to listen go a long way in opening up communication. It is of benefit to the nurse to try and center his/her thinking on what the dying patient’s goals are. A dying person wants to feel some semblance of control, strengthen personal relationships, and be relieved of pain and suffering. Good end-of-life care involves finding these goals, describing to the patient what good end-of-life care might look like, talk about symptoms that may occur, and discuss the importance of good communication, good relationships, and the role of informal (family) caregivers (Sherwen, 2014, p. 51). When palliative care and end-of-life care are the direction care is taking, the nurse needs to shift gears in a positive way. One positive step the nurse can take is to empower the family during this time. Many families feel helpless against the diagnosis, but the nurse can show them that they still have an element of control. The nurse should provide them with information about the disease process, give the family resources in the community for support and services, and most of all offer encouragement. There will be negative feelings present in most cases, including feelings of hopelessness, depression, anxiety, and loss of control. The nurse must recognize these negative feelings and start a conversation. The nurse needs to be a facilitator of conversation between family members in order to identify common goals. Family meetings are a great tool to utilize throughout. It is held between caregivers and leaders in the family and can reveal concerns, answer questions, and establish go als of care. Parts of positively dealing with a dying loved one include balancing hope and preparing for death, as well as finding meaning in the situation (Kaakinen et al., 2015). These are things that may be beyond the scope of the nurse’s practice, but identifying them is important. The nurse can bring in social work, the palliative care team, and pastoral care to assist the family; whatever is appropriate. When the time comes for the actual death of the patient, there are clinical signs and symptoms that the nurse must recognize. Care at the time of active dying is crucial for a good death. Some symptoms such as sleeping, decreased hydration and food needs may be easy for the family to bear, but  others, such as restlessness, difficulty breathing, and confusion may be very difficult to bear (Kaakinen et al., 2015). The nurse and care team must work together to provide maximum comfort for the patient as well as emotional support for the family during this difficult time. Conclusion In conclusion, there is a point in a patient’s care where the focus shifts from curative to palliative, often in the case of cancers but in some other cases as well. The nurse needs to familiarize his/herself with this topic in order to provide optimal care. He/she must assess his/her beliefs and biases on the topic and address those that may be a source of conflict. The goals of the patient and his/her family must be established. Family meetings and conversations need to occur to facilitate communication, address concerns, and provide information. The nurse plays an important role in providing information for the family, managing negative feelings, encouraging hope, and preparing for the death. At the end-of-life and after the actual death the nurse can provide compassionate care, display sensitivity, and comfort the bereaved. Death is the inevitable outcome of this life that all must face and a nurse has a special opportunity to help a family through the process. Helping and comforting a family during this process can be a truly rewarding aspect of a nurse’s career. Reference Kaakinen, J., Coehlo, D., Steele, R., Tabacco, A., Hanson, S. (2015). Family Health Care Nursing: Theory, Practice, and Research. (5th ed.). Philadelphia PA: F.A. Davis Company Murtagh, F., Bausewein, C., Verne, J., Groeneveld, E., Kaloki, Y., & Higginson, I. (2013). How many people need palliative care? A study developing and comparing methods for population-based estimates. Palliative Medicine. 28(1). 49-58. Doi:10.1177/0269216313489367 ***Sherwen, E. (2014). Improving end of life care for adults. Nursing Standard, 28(32), 51-57. Trueland, J. (2014). All it takes is a bit of specialist knowledge. Nursing Standard, 29(3), 26-27. ***Research Article

College: The Greatest Decision You Can Make Essay

â€Å"In the United States today, there is no more certain investment than a college education†(Carnevale and Melton). Education has always been a major component of American society. One can only go so far without an education, and the more education and knowledge someone has, the better their chances of being successful. Some people believe a high school education is enough, and it is, enough to land a job at a fast food restaurant. I speculate they feel this way because they feel school is not for them, or maybe they just do not want to go far in life. To get far in life people must go above and beyond, and learn things that others do not know to make them stand out in job interviews. College helps develop skills that are necessary for life, and gives them an education that will enhance their future; and despite its few drawbacks, college is worth it. Americans today tend to believe that college is four years of partying and fun while earning a degree, and there is validity in that belief, but one must also include the four years of learning and hard work. One benefit of college is all of the fun activities that there are to take part in. These activities that college students take part in give the students two important things in life: stress management abilities and connections. Students work hard all week and then finally get the chance to relax and do something they enjoy on the weekends. That â€Å"down time† is spent relaxing, and trying to figure out a non-stressful way to complete all homework and projects and still go out for fun. The stress management relates to time management, as students want to do work in a logical time frame that keeps life easy. These two skills relate to life after college because once someone has a job they have to manage the stress of the job and complete tasks in a timely manner. On May 16, 2011, Paul Taylor and his research team from Pew Social & Demographic Trends in Washington DC conducted surveys and asked people if college was worth â€Å"it†. In reference to jobs â€Å"55% [said] it was very useful in helping them prepare for a job or career†. The data from the study supports my assertions of what college provides students with, which is a strong foundation for joining the work force. College also gives students connections. While taking part in activities students make friends and meet people with all kinds of goals for the future. These connections make life easier after college. Students meet friends that have connections to internships, jobs, summer programs and with the help of their friends, students can find themselves in one of these if not more resume building opportunities. Meeting new people and participating in activities make students appear very diverse in turn, more appealing to employers. Another benefit of college is the education that one receives. Not only does one learn about a specific field that other people only have general to no knowledge about, but they essentially become a specialist in a few areas. College forces people to pick their main interests and focus on them. The further they take their education, the more knowledgeable they become in particular fields. Picking a major and minor (sometimes double major and double minor) narrows choices when employers are seeking workers because they want people with a specific skill set, and specific knowledge. Most degrees can give students the opportunity to obtain high paying jobs. Now, while it is true that right out of college students obtain low paying jobs, it also has to be taken into consideration what field the former student is seeking a job in, and the level of their education. For example, if a student obtains a B.A. in management he/she will likely make less money because management is a large field with many people in it. The more people a certain field or job has, the less they will get paid because in the employer’s eyes they are not special, and more people with the exact same degree and qualifications can be found. Now, rewind, and say that same student has a B.A. in biology with a concentration in microbiology. With microbiology being a smaller and more competitive field, a student has the chance to make more money. The amount of jobs available for people with that special knowledge is limited. Employers would pay more because they do not want to lose someone with those rare skills and knowledge to another company. In addition, low paying jobs are not guaranteed to new college graduates, but are still a possibility. However, Anthony Carnevale and Michelle Melton claim that â€Å"rising demand, coupled with the persistent undersupply of college-educated workers over the last 30 years, has driven up relative wages for these workers†. Carnevale and Melton assert that there is a high demand of college-educated workers and that due to the lack of workers, wages are actually increasing. Though I concede that low wages are a possibility for college graduates, I still insist that the wages are higher than what they used to be, and the students could most likely earn more money by continuing there education on through graduate school. In addition, it is believed by the NPR staff writers that most of the low wages and the lack of jobs is due to the current recession. When the benefits and costs and drawbacks of college are compared, it is obvious that the benefits outweigh the problems. According to NPR, â€Å"..every college won’t always be worth it but, he says â€Å"the long-term trends about the average value of a college degree are very strong.† And he says a college degree is still in demand.† The biggest mistake someone can make is not going to college, and that is a decision that they will always regret. Works Cited Carnevale, Anthony P, and Michelle Melton. â€Å"Major Differences: Why Undergraduate Majors Matter.† Presidency Fall 2011: 30-33. Academic Search Premier. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. The authors, Director of Georgetown University Center, Education and the Workforce and a research assistant, use information from their own school and statistics of wages of college graduates. They are credible because they add depth to the argument of what major a person decides on and how that decision effects their salary in the future. They discuss how not all degrees hold the same economic value and encourage students to not only think if college is for them, but what major is best for their future. Cohn, D’Vera. â€Å"Is College Worth it?† Pew Research Center. N.p., 16 May 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2012. . This source is from the Pew Research Center, in other words a place dedicated to finding facts. This source is credible because it is not opinionated and it is a broad survey of over 2000 people. This source also covers both sides of the argument. There are statistics that add to my argument and help to provide a counter argument for what is cited by Carnevale and Melton state in a separate source. The counter argument provided by this allows me to make my argument stronger and more concrete. Making Headlines Since The ‘70s: Is College Worth It?. National Public Radio. 18 June 2011. http://www.npr.org/â€Å'2011/â€Å'06/â€Å'18/â€Å'137257390/â€Å'making-headlines-since-the-70s-is-college-worth-it. Web. Transcript. 23 Jan. 2012. This broadcast/â€Å'article is a credible source because it is an unbiased source. NPR (National Public Radio) broadcasts to all demographics and is unbiased in its broadcasts. The staff writers point out how most people take the worst cases of college graduates and use them to stereotype all of them, when th at is not the case. They take a logical viewpoint on the issue and show that when the recession ends things will go back to normal. This source is in agreement with the Pew source because both state that college is rather expensive and may not be for everyone.

Mkt week

Do you agree with Virgin's market diversification strategy? If so, what other markets should they pursue? If you disagree, what should be their business focus? Diversification is most commonly understood through the financial world, where one should have a diverse range of investments. Mixing funds that are countercyclical – the performance of certain funds is not correlated to the performance of others.Usually when one set of funds are down, the value of another set of funds is up. This is where companies like the Virgin Group have adopted this kind of strategy to diversify their product line. Dixon (2009) explains what when building a customer base, it is a good idea to begin cultivating multiple customers in different industries. Then, this approach is modified to include target markets that have the countercyclical method that has been proven to work in the financial field.After targeting diverse groups of customers, companies (like the Virgin Group) should then engage in â€Å"aggressive marketing and sales efforts to win new customers in the targeted markets† (Dixon, 2009). In order for Virgin to pursue other markets they should 1) gain clear understanding of the wants and needs of perspective customers ND markets, and 2) show that they have a unique capability for meeting these requirements (Dixon, 2009). I believe the Virgin Group should get involved with renewable energy projects, even on small scale targeting consumers.Sustainability and being green are hot topics right now that consumers like to get behind. Since they have so much information already on current electronics customers, they can use this to target items like solar chargers or recycled material packaging for electronic items. 2. How about some other examples of companies that have built their value proposition around the image variable? Other companies that have been successful are for example Apple, who undoubtedly has created value to its customers who are very loyal to t he brand.Customers recognize the â€Å"bitten apple† image across the spectrum and identify it with quality. BMW and Mercedes Benz are other companies that have used their image to build value for customers. Whenever anyone thinks of these two brands, they immediately think luxury and high end/high quality vehicles.

Overweight or Obese Students in Physical Education Essay

In this thought paper, a social ecological constraint model study the inclusion of overweight or obese students in physical education by integrating key concepts and assumptions from ecological constraint theory in motor development and social ecological models in health promotion and behavior. There are some issues about the ecological constraint model. Often, overweight or obese are considered relative to their physical inabilities and how they differ from their peers. Even worse, physical educators maybe negatively biased toward overweight or obese students. Greenleaf, Martin & Rhea, 2008; Greenleaf and Weiler, 2005) and may have stereotypical views of lifestyle behaviors, lack of individual control, outward appearance (Chambis, Finley, & Blair, 2004; Rukavina, Li, & Rowel, 2008; Rukavina, Li, Shen & Sun, 2010). Another constraint is obesity bias/weight stigma, often defined as the assumption that overweight people have negative character trait such as laziness, self-indulgence, or lack of intelligence (Puhl & Brownell, 2001). In parallel of this article, given the social acceptability of negative attitudes toward obese individuals, it may not be surprising to learn that weight discrimination is common in the United States. Weight stigma or bias generally refers to negative weight-related attitudes toward an overweight or obese individual. These attitudes are often manifested by negative stereotypes (e. g. , that obese persons are â€Å"lazy† or â€Å"lacking in willpower†), social rejection and prejudice. Weight stigma includes verbal teasing (e. g. , name calling, derogatory remarks, being made fun of, etc. ), physical aggression (e. g. , hitting, kicking, pushing, shoving, etc. ) and relational victimization (e. g. , social exclusion, being ignored, avoided, or the target of rumors). Many obese individuals report being treated with less respect or courtesy than thinner persons and being called names or insults because of their weight. Thus, weight stigma can emerge in subtle forms, or it can be expressed directly. Discrimination is distinct from stigma and negative attitudes, and specifically refers to unequal, unfair treatment of people because of their weight. For example, an obese person who is qualified for a job but is not hired for the position because of his or her weight may have been the victim of weight discrimination. Other examples include being denied a job promotion or fired from a job because of one’s weight; being denied certain medical procedures or provided inferior medical care because of one’s weight; or being denied a scholarship, a bank loan or prevented from renting or buying a home because of one’s weight. Despite the increasing prevalence of obesity, it appears that incidences of weight discrimination are only becoming worse. (Puhl, R. M. , Andreyeva, T. , & Brownell, K. D; 2008).